義守大學 100 學年 後中醫「生物」考古題

50 題 · 每題附正解與詳解 · 免費看

這些是各校公開的真考題,正解採官方公告答案; 有官方釋疑的題目,我們也照官方更正、標在該題。不用聽我們說,你可以自己核對。我們怎麼把關 →

想實際練、而不只是看?登入用兩段式作答把這份練到有把握,系統還會記住你哪題是猜的。免費開始 →
1

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

A.Transport vesicles
B.smooth ER✓ 官方正解
C.Golgi apparatus
D.Nuclear envelope
詳解

肝臟細胞的平滑內質網(smooth ER)富含酵素,能將藥物或毒物羥基化,使其更易溶於水而排出體外,是細胞內主要的解毒場所。高基氏體、運輸囊泡和核膜則不直接參與此解毒過程。

2

Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex?

A.PDGF
B.MPF
C.protein kinase
D.cyclin✓ 官方正解
詳解

題幹描述的是細胞週期蛋白(cyclin)的特性。Cyclin的濃度在細胞週期中會週期性地升降,它會與週期蛋白依賴性激酶(Cdk,一種protein kinase)結合,形成具有催化活性的複合物(如MPF),從而推動細胞週期的進程。MPF是複合物本身,而非單一蛋白。

3

The hormone primarily responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate and for promoting the maturation of the brain is

A.TSH.
B.thyroxine.✓ 官方正解
C.ACTH.
D.cortisol.
詳解

甲狀腺素(Thyroxine)是調節基礎代謝率(BMR)的主要激素,並對中樞神經系統,特別是大腦的發育與成熟至關重要。TSH與ACTH是腦下垂體分泌的促素,分別刺激甲狀腺與腎上腺皮質,非直接作用者。皮質醇(Cortisol)主要應對壓力,而非設定基礎代謝率。

4

Which of the following cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

A.exocrine cells
B.alpha cells
C.beta cells✓ 官方正解
D.delta cells
詳解

胰臟的內分泌功能由胰島細胞執行。其中,β細胞 (beta cells) 負責分泌胰島素 (insulin) 以降低血糖。α細胞 (alpha cells) 分泌升糖素,δ細胞 (delta cells) 分泌體抑素,而外分泌細胞 (exocrine cells) 則分泌消化酶。

5

A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as two separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing?

A.phylogenetic
B.ecological✓ 官方正解
C.Physiological
D.morphological
詳解

生物學家根據兩個蜘蛛族群佔據不同的生態棲位(林地落葉層 vs. 林緣草地)來將牠們劃分為不同物種。這完全符合生態物種概念的定義,即物種由其在生態系中的角色和棲位來界定。形態學概念不適用,因為牠們外觀相同。

6

Which group includes members that are important primary producers in ocean food webs, causes red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous?

A.ciliates
B.apicomplexans
C.dinoflagellates✓ 官方正解
D.brown algae
詳解

渦鞭毛藻(Dinoflagellates)是唯一符合所有描述的群體。許多成員是海洋中的主要生產者,其藻華(blooms)會形成毒害魚類的紅潮,且部分物種為異營性,可行捕食(carnivorous)。纖毛蟲與頂複門非生產者;褐藻雖為生產者,但不會造成紅潮也非肉食性。

7

The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the

A.archenteron.✓ 官方正解
B.blastula.
C.coelom.
D.blastocoel.
詳解

題幹描述由內胚層包圍、開口為胚孔(blastopore)的腔室,此為原腸(archenteron)的定義,其將發育為消化道。囊胚腔(blastocoel)是囊胚期的腔室,在原腸形成時會被擠壓消失。體腔(coelom)則是由中胚層所包圍的腔室。

8

What type of specialized junction connects epithelial cells lining the renal tubules?

A.tight junctions✓ 官方正解
B.desmosomes
C.gap junctions
D.intercalated disks
詳解

腎小管上皮細胞的主要功能是形成選擇性屏障,以調控物質的再吸收與分泌。緊密連接 (tight junctions) 在細胞間形成密封,阻止濾液在細胞間洩漏,是維持此屏障功能的關鍵特化結構。其他如間隙連接和胞橋體雖也存在,但緊密連接最能代表其功能特化。

9

In both males and females, gonadotropin secretion by the anterior pituitary is stimulated by

A.GnRH.✓ 官方正解
B.FSH.
C.GHRH.
D.androgens.
詳解

促性腺激素釋放激素 (GnRH) 由下視丘分泌,經由下視丘-腦下垂體門脈系統,作用於腦下垂體前葉,刺激其分泌促性腺激素 (FSH 和 LH)。GHRH 刺激生長激素分泌,而雄性素 (androgens) 主要扮演負回饋抑制的角色。

10

The corpus luteum is maintained for the first 10 weeks of pregnancy by

A.progesterone.
B.estrogen.
C.hCG.✓ 官方正解
D.LH.
詳解

懷孕初期,著床的胚胎會分泌人類絨毛膜促性腺激素 (hCG)。hCG 結構與功能類似 LH,能維持黃體,使其持續分泌黃體酮與雌激素以穩定子宮內膜。黃體酮 (A) 與雌激素 (B) 是黃體分泌的產物,而非維持黃體的激素。LH (D) 在懷孕初期因負回饋作用而被抑制。

考古題會刷完,把握不會

喜歡這種一題一詳解的練法?我們有刷不完的擬真練習,專攻你最常錯的地方。細胞呼吸板塊免費刷到飽。

免費開始刷題 →
11

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease in which myelinated neurons become the target of the immune response?

A.rheumatoid arthritis
B.myasthenia gravis
C.multiple sclerosis✓ 官方正解
D.diabetes mellitus
詳解

多發性硬化症(Multiple sclerosis)是一種自體免疫疾病,其特徵是免疫系統攻擊中樞神經系統中神經元的髓鞘,導致脫髓鞘病變。類風濕性關節炎攻擊關節;重症肌無力攻擊神經肌肉接點的乙醯膽鹼受體;第一型糖尿病攻擊胰臟β細胞。

12

The reason older persons are more sensitive to sun exposure and more likely to get sunburned is that with age

A.glandular activity declines.
B.skin thickness decreases.
C.melanocyte activity declines.✓ 官方正解
D.vitamin D3 production declines.
詳解

老年人更容易曬傷,主因是黑色素細胞(melanocyte)的活性下降,導致皮膚在受日曬後產生的黑色素(melanin)減少。黑色素能吸收紫外線,保護皮膚免受傷害,因此其產量降低會使皮膚對陽光的敏感性增加。其他選項雖也是老化現象,但非曬傷主因。

13

Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells?

A.simple diffusion
B.phagocytosis
C.active transport pumps
D.facilitated diffusion✓ 官方正解
詳解

題目描述葡萄糖從高濃度(食物)快速移動到低濃度(細胞質)。此過程順濃度梯度進行,但速度遠快於簡單擴散,表明需要蛋白質協助。這符合促進性擴散的定義。主動運輸則是逆濃度梯度,故不符。

14

The structure of a protein that contains two or more polypeptides is the

A.primary structure.
B.secondary structure.
C.tertiary structure.
D.quaternary structure.✓ 官方正解
詳解

蛋白質結構中,一級結構是胺基酸序列,二級和三級結構描述單一多肽鏈的摺疊。只有四級結構是由兩條或多條多肽鏈(次單元)組裝而成的功能性蛋白質,符合題幹「two or more polypeptides」的定義。

15

A man with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is expected to have any of the following except:

A.lower sperm count.
B.possible breast enlargement.
C.increased testosterone.✓ 官方正解
D.female body characteristics.
詳解

柯林菲特氏症 (Klinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY) 患者因額外的 X 染色體導致睪丸發育不全,造成睪固酮 (testosterone) 分泌不足,而非增加。睪固酮低下會進一步引發精子數量減少、乳房發育及女性化體態等症狀。

16

Ketoacidosis in untreated diabetes mellitus is due to

A.excessive fat catabolism.✓ 官方正解
B.hypoventilation.
C.excessive fluid loss.
D.excessive eating and obesity.
詳解

在未治療的糖尿病中,因胰島素缺乏或作用不足,細胞無法利用葡萄糖。身體轉而大量分解脂肪(fat catabolism)作為能量來源,此過程產生過量的酮體(ketone bodies),導致血液酸化,即為酮酸中毒。其他選項為結果或代償反應,非直接原因。

17

If humans have 2,900 Mb, a specific member of the lily family has 120,000 Mb, and a yeast has ~13 Mb, why can't this data allow us to order their evolutionary significance?

A.Size matters less than gene density.
B.Size does not compare to gene density.✓ 官方正解
C.Size does not vary with gene complexity.
D.Size is comparable only within phyla.
詳解

生物體的基因組大小(C-value)與其演化上的複雜度或重要性並沒有絕對的正相關,此現象稱為「C-value 悖論(C-value paradox)」。真核生物的基因組中含有大量的不表現序列(如內含子、跳躍基因與重複序列等),導致不同物種間的基因組大小差異極大。例如百合的基因組遠大於人類,但這並不代表百合的基因數目較多或演化上較為複雜。

因此,單憑基因組的「大小(Size)」無法反映出「基因密度(Gene density)」或實際具有功能的基因數量,也就無法用來排序演化上的重要性或複雜度。選項 (B) 正確指出基因組大小無法與基因密度相提並論,點出大量非編碼 DNA 造成大小與實際基因數脫鉤的現象。其他選項的敘述不如 (B) 準確點出基因組大小與基因密度之間的不對等關係。

18

Drinking alcohol makes you urinate more frequently because

A.alcohol contains caffeine.
B.alcohol inhibits the release of ADH and therefore causes excessive urinary water loss.✓ 官方正解
C.alcohol inhibits the release of renin, a hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
D.alcohol causes more water to filter from the blood into the kidneys.
詳解

酒精會抑制腦下垂體後葉釋放抗利尿激素 (ADH)。ADH 的功能是促進腎臟集尿管對水分的再吸收。當 ADH 分泌減少時,水分再吸收下降,導致尿量增加,造成利尿效果。其他選項的敘述不正確。

19

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are

A.hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
B.hypertonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
C.hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.✓ 官方正解
D.hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution.
詳解

芹菜莖浸入清水中變硬,表示細胞吸水,因此細胞對清水為高張溶液(hypertonic)。浸入鹽水中變軟,表示細胞失水,因此細胞對鹽水為低張溶液(hypotonic)。綜合兩者,芹菜細胞對清水是高張,對鹽水是低張。

20

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

A.an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
B.an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it
C.an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized✓ 官方正解
D.an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain
詳解

此藥物為葡萄糖的結構類似物,會競爭性抑制糖解作用的第一個酵素(己糖激酶),直接從源頭阻斷路徑。其他選項(A)(D)是間接影響,透過阻斷電子傳遞鏈使NAD+無法再生;(B)則是作用於糖解作用的產物(丙酮酸),影響較不直接。

21

In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male?

A.Tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males
B.Black females; orange males
C.Orange females; orange males
D.Tortoiseshell females; black males✓ 官方正解
詳解

此為性聯遺傳。黑色母貓基因型為 X^B X^B,橘色公貓為 X^O Y。母貓只會產生帶 X^B 的卵,公貓則產生 X^O 或 Y 的精子。子代中,雌性(XX)基因型必為 X^B X^O,表現為玳瑁色;雄性(XY)基因型必為 X^B Y,表現為黑色。

22

A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?

A.His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.✓ 官方正解
B.His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria.
C.His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria.
D.His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate.
詳解

該動物線粒體無法利用糖解作用產物,但可利用脂肪酸與胺基酸,表示問題出在丙酮酸進入線粒體的環節。丙酮酸無法進入,會堆積在細胞質並轉化為乳酸,符合症狀。若缺乏丙酮酸轉運蛋白,則完美解釋此現象。其他選項無法同時解釋「高乳酸」和「無法利用糖解產物」。

23

The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following?

A.Mendel's law of independent assortment
B.Mendel's law of segregation
C.Darwin's explanation of natural selection✓ 官方正解
D.Darwin's observations of competition
詳解

此現象為「異型合子優勢」(heterozygote advantage),是天擇的一種形式。在瘧疾疫區,帶有鐮狀細胞貧血症基因的異型合子個體(Ss)對瘧疾有抵抗力,比易感瘧疾的顯性同型合子(SS)和患有嚴重貧血的隱性同型合子(ss)具有更高的存活率與生殖成功率。孟德爾定律僅描述遺傳模式,非族群頻率變化的原因。

24

The enzyme telomerase solves the problem of replication at the ends of linear chromosomes by which method?

A.causing specific double strand DNA breaks that result in blunt ends on both strands
B.causing linear ends of the newly replicated DNA to circularize
C.adding numerous short DNA sequences such as TTAGGG, which form a hairpin turn✓ 官方正解
D.adding numerous GC pairs which resist hydrolysis and maintain chromosome integrity
詳解

端粒酶是一種反轉錄酶,它攜帶自己的RNA模板,在染色體3'端添加重複的短DNA序列(如人類的TTAGGG)。這段延長的單股DNA可以形成髮夾彎或T-loop等保護性結構,解決線性染色體末端複製不完全而縮短的問題。

25

When DNA is compacted by histones into 10 nm and 30 nm fibers, the DNA is unable to interact with proteins required for gene expression. Therefore, to allow for these proteins to act, the chromatin must constantly alter its structure. Which processes contribute to this dynamic activity?

A.DNA supercoiling at or around H1
B.methylation and phosphorylation of histone tails✓ 官方正解
C.hydrolysis of DNA molecules where they are wrapped around the nucleosome core
D.accessibility of heterochromatin to phosphorylating enzymes
詳解

染色質結構的動態改變,主要透過組蛋白修飾來調控。組蛋白尾端的甲基化與磷酸化等修飾,會改變組蛋白與DNA的交互作用力,進而影響染色質的鬆緊程度,決定基因是否能被表現。選項(A)超螺旋非主要調控機制;(C)DNA水解是破壞;(D)異染色質本身就是緊縮不易接觸酵素的狀態。

26

Which of the following is correct for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

A.After transcription, a 3' poly-A tail and a 5' cap are added to mRNA.
B.Translation of mRNA can begin before transcription is complete.
C.RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to begin transcription.✓ 官方正解
D.The mRNA transcript is the exact complement of the gene from which it was copied.
詳解

RNA聚合酶結合至啟動子(promoter)以啟動轉錄,是原核與真核生物共通的機制。選項(A) mRNA的5'端加帽與3'端加多腺苷酸尾是真核生物特有。選項(B) 轉錄未完成即開始轉譯,發生在無細胞核分隔的原核生物。選項(D) 真核生物的基因包含內含子(intron),轉錄後會被切除,故mRNA非基因的完整互補序列。

27

Which of the following is a correct statement about nitrogen fixation in root nodules?

A.The plant contributes the nitrogenase enzyme.
B.The process is relatively inexpensive in terms of ATP costs.
C.Leghemoglobin helps maintain a low O2 concentration within the nodule.✓ 官方正解
D.The bacteria of the nodule are autotrophic.
詳解

豆血紅素(Leghemoglobin)由植物製造,能與氧氣結合,維持根瘤內部的低氧濃度,以保護對氧氣敏感的固氮酶(nitrogenase),同時又能提供細菌呼吸作用所需的氧氣。固氮酶由細菌製造(A錯),固氮作用極度耗能(B錯),根瘤菌為異營性(D錯)。

28

In animals, embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells in that

A.embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, and adult stem cells are totipotent.
B.embryonic stem cells are totipotent, and adult stem cells are pluripotent.✓ 官方正解
C.embryonic stem cells have more genes than adult stem cells.
D.embryonic stem cells have fewer genes than adult stem cells.
詳解

胚胎幹細胞(特別是極早期胚胎的細胞)具有全能性(totipotent),能夠分化成生物體內所有的細胞類型,甚至發育成完整的個體。相對地,成體幹細胞的分化潛能較為侷限,僅能分化成特定組織中的多種細胞類型,屬於多能性(pluripotent)或多潛能性(multipotent)。選項 (A) 將兩者的分化潛能完全顛倒,成體幹細胞的分化潛能不可能高於胚胎幹細胞,故錯誤。選項 (C) 與 (D) 錯誤,因為同一個體內的所有有核細胞(包含胚胎幹細胞與成體幹細胞)皆具有相同的基因組,基因總數相同,細胞之間的差異是來自於基因的選擇性表現(differential gene expression),而非基因數量的多寡。

29

Which of the following best describes siRNA?

A.a short double-stranded RNA, one of whose strands can complement and inactivate a sequence of mRNA✓ 官方正解
B.a single-stranded RNA that can, where it has internal complementary base pairs, fold into cloverleaf patterns
C.a double-stranded RNA that is formed by cleavage of hairpin loops in a larger precursor
D.a molecule, known as Dicer, that can degrade other mRNA sequences
詳解

siRNA是短的雙股RNA,其一股會與目標mRNA互補結合,並引導RISC複合物降解該mRNA,達成基因靜默。選項(B)描述的是tRNA。(C)描述的是miRNA的生成過程。(D)描述的是Dicer酵素,其功能是切割長雙股RNA以產生siRNA,而非直接降解mRNA。

30

Which of the following series best reflects what we know about how the flu virus moves between species?

A.An avian flu virus undergoes several mutations and rearrangements such that it is able to be transmitted to other birds and then to humans.
B.The flu virus in a pig is mutated and replicated in alternate arrangements so that humans who eat the pig products can be infected.
C.A flu virus from a human epidemic or pandemic infects birds; the birds replicate the virus differently and then pass it back to humans.
D.An animal such as a pig is infected with more than one virus, genetic recombination occurs, the new virus mutates and is passed to a new species such as a bird, the virus mutates and can be transmitted to humans.✓ 官方正解
詳解

此選項最完整地描述了流感病毒產生大流行菌株的關鍵機制。豬作為「混合宿主」,可同時感染禽類與人類病毒,病毒基因組發生「重組」(基因重組/基因重配),產生能感染人類的新病毒。其他選項(A)較籠統;(B)傳播途徑錯誤(非經由食用);(C)病毒流向較不典型。

31

Biofuels are mainly produced by:

A.plants that convert hemicellulose into gasoline.
B.the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented.✓ 官方正解
C.the genetic engineering of ethanol generating genes into plants.
D.plants that are easy to grow in arid environments.
詳解

生質燃料的主要生產途徑是將植物細胞壁的生物聚合物(如纖維素、半纖維素)或儲存性多醣(如澱粉)分解成單醣,再利用微生物將這些糖發酵成酒精(如乙醇)。此選項最準確地描述了這個核心過程。其他選項描述的是錯誤過程(A)、未來技術(C)或原料特性(D),而非主要生產方式。

32

A plant will recognize a pathogenic invader

A.if it has many specific plant disease resistance (R) genes.
B.when the pathogen has an R gene complementary to the plant's antivirulence (Avr) gene.
C.when the pathogen secretes Avr protein.
D.if it has the specific R gene that corresponds to the pathogen molecule encoded by an Avr gene.✓ 官方正解
詳解

植物辨識病原體遵循「基因對基因假說」。植物需有特定的抗病基因(R gene),其產物R蛋白能辨識並結合病原體帶有的特定無毒基因(Avr gene)所轉譯出的Avr蛋白,才會啟動防禦反應。選項(D)最完整地描述此專一性對應關係。選項(B)將R基因與Avr基因的宿主搞混。

33

All of the following are responses of plants to cold stress except:

A.the production of a specific solute "plant antifreeze" that reduces water loss.
B.excluding ice crystals from the interior walls.
C.conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membrane to a solid mosaic one.✓ 官方正解
D.an alteration of membrane lipids so that the membranes remain flexible.
詳解

植物對冷脅迫的反應是維持細胞膜的流動性,而非使其固化。植物會增加膜上不飽和脂肪酸的比例以維持低溫下的流動性(如D選項)。細胞膜固化是低溫造成的傷害,而非植物的適應性反應。選項A、B、D皆為植物應對冷逆境的正確機制。

34

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules accomplishes what important function?

A.sorting plasma proteins according to size
B.converting toxic ammonia to less toxic urea
C.maintaining a constant pH in body fluids✓ 官方正解
D.regulating the speed of blood flow through the nephron
詳解

近曲小管與遠曲小管透過分泌氫離子(H+)和再吸收碳酸氫根離子(HCO3-)來調節血液酸鹼值,是維持體液pH恆定的重要機制。(A)蛋白質過濾發生在腎絲球。(B)氨轉為尿素發生在肝臟。(D)血流速度主要由入球小動脈與出球小動脈的管徑,以及近腎絲球器調控。

35

Your bone cells, muscle cells and skin cells look different because

A.they contain different numbers of genes.
B.different genes are active in different kinds of cells.✓ 官方正解
C.they are present in different organs.
D.each cell contains different kinds of genes.
詳解

人體所有體細胞(除少數例外)都含有相同的基因組,因此基因種類與數量應相同,(A)與(D)錯誤。細胞分化成不同型態與功能,是因為不同種類的細胞會選擇性地表現(活化)不同的基因,產生特定的蛋白質所致。細胞位於不同器官(C)是分化的結果,而非原因。

36

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ, in that

A.oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis happens in embryonic development.
B.oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon.
C.cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.✓ 官方正解
D.spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born.
詳解

卵子生成(oogenesis)進行不均等的細胞質分裂,產生一個大的卵細胞和小的極體,以保留養分。精子生成(spermatogenesis)則是均等分裂,產生四個大小相近的精細胞。其他選項的敘述皆與事實相反或不正確。

37

Biologists have discovered how to put together a bacteriophage with the protein coat of phage T2 and the DNA of phage lambda. If this composite phage was allowed to infect a bacterium, the phages produced in the host cell would have

A.a mixture of the DNA and proteins of both phages.
B.the protein and DNA of phage lambda.✓ 官方正解
C.the protein of phage T2 and the DNA of phage lambda.
D.the protein of phage lambda and the DNA of phage T2.
詳解

噬菌體感染時,只有其遺傳物質(此題為λ噬菌體的DNA)會進入宿主細胞。宿主細胞的複製和轉譯機制會根據注入的DNA藍圖,製造出新的噬菌體。因此,產生的子代噬菌體將會擁有λ噬菌體的蛋白質和DNA。原始的T2蛋白質外殼僅為傳遞工具,不參與複製。

38

Which of the following hormones have antagonistic (opposing) effects?

A.growth hormone and epinephrine
B.glucagon and thyroxine
C.ACTH and cortisone
D.parathyroid hormone and calcitonin✓ 官方正解
詳解

此題尋找作用拮抗的激素對。甲狀旁腺素(PTH)提升血鈣濃度,而降鈣素(calcitonin)則降低血鈣濃度,兩者作用相反,為標準的拮抗激素。其他選項的激素作用並非直接拮抗關係。

39

Which of these statements about edema is false?

A.Edema may be caused by blockage of lymphatic vessels.
B.Edema may be caused by high blood pressure.
C.Edema may be caused by increased plasma protein.✓ 官方正解
D.Edema may be caused by leakage of plasma protein into tissue fluid.
詳解

水腫(edema)是組織間液過多所致。血漿蛋白可增加血液的滲透壓,將組織液拉回微血管中。因此,增加血漿蛋白會減少而非造成水腫。相反地,淋巴管阻塞(A)、高血壓(B)或血漿蛋白滲漏至組織液(D)都會使組織間液增加,導致水腫。

40

Which of these statements about gamma interferon is false?

A.It stimulates the immune system to attack infected cells and tumors.
B.It is produced by almost all cells of the body.✓ 官方正解
C.It is a polypeptide regulator.
D.It can be produced in response to viral infections.
詳解

此敘述為偽。γ-干擾素 (IFN-γ) 屬於第二型干擾素,主要由活化的 T 細胞和自然殺手細胞 (NK cell) 產生,而非身體幾乎所有細胞。幾乎所有細胞都能產生的是第一型干擾素 (IFN-α/β)。其他選項皆為真:IFN-γ 是多肽調節物,能刺激免疫系統攻擊感染細胞與腫瘤,且病毒感染是其生成的重要刺激之一。

41

Which of these statements about intrinsic factor is false?

A.It helps prevent pernicious anemia.
B.It is secreted by the pancreas.✓ 官方正解
C.It promotes absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine.
D.It is a polypeptide.
詳解

內在因子(intrinsic factor)是由胃壁的壁細胞(parietal cells)分泌,而非胰臟。其功能為與維生素B12結合,促進其在小腸末端(迴腸)的吸收,缺乏時會導致惡性貧血。內在因子本質為醣蛋白,屬於多肽類分子。

42

Which of the following would tend to reduce the concentration of lactic acid that accumulates in a muscle cell as a result of contractile activity?

A.increasing the diameter of the cell
B.increasing the number of mitochondria in the cell✓ 官方正解
C.decreasing the oxygen supply to the cell
D.increasing the concentration of glycolytic enzymes.
詳解

乳酸是肌肉細胞在缺氧狀態下進行糖解作用的產物。增加粒線體數量可提升細胞進行有氧呼吸的能力,更有效率地利用丙酮酸產生ATP,從而減少對無氧糖解作用的依賴,進而降低乳酸的堆積。其他選項(增加細胞直徑、減少氧氣供應、增加糖解酵素)都會促進或導致乳酸生成。

43

Which of these statements about fat digestion and absorption is false?

A.Triglycerides are resynthesized from monoglycerides and fatty acids in the intestinal epithelial cells.
B.Triglycerides are hydrolyzed by the action of pancreatic lipase.
C.Triglycerides, as particles called chylomicrons, are absorbed into blood capillaries within the villi.✓ 官方正解
D.Emulsification by bile salts increases the rate of fat digestion.
詳解

此敘述錯誤。乳糜微粒(chylomicrons)因體積過大,無法直接進入微血管。它們會經由胞吐作用離開腸道上皮細胞,進入絨毛內的乳糜管(lacteals),也就是淋巴微血管,再經由淋巴系統進入血液循環。

44

Moment-to-moment changes in total peripheral resistance are normally due to changes in

A.the viscosity of blood.
B.the radius of certain blood vessels in the systemic circuit.✓ 官方正解
C.the lengths of blood vessels in the systemic circuit.
D.the cardiac output.
詳解

總周邊阻力(TPR)主要由小動脈(arterioles)的管徑決定。根據泊肅葉定律,阻力與半徑的四次方成反比,血管平滑肌能受神經與激素調控而快速收縮或舒張,達成血壓的即時(moment-to-moment)調控。血液黏稠度、血管長度變化緩慢,而心輸出量是血壓公式中的另一變因,非造成TPR變化的直接原因。

45

The motor end plate is

A.the specialized region of an effector organ innervated by an autonomic postganglionic neuron.
B.the specialized synaptic terminal of autonomic postganglionic neurons.
C.the specialized synaptic terminal of the motor neuron.
D.the specialized region of skeletal muscle innervated by a motor neuron.✓ 官方正解
詳解

運動終板(motor end plate)是骨骼肌細胞膜上的一個特化區域,位於神經肌肉接合處的突觸後膜,富含乙醯膽鹼受體。它接受來自運動神經元的支配。(A)(B)與自律神經有關,非運動終板。(C)描述的是運動神經元的突觸末梢(突觸前膜),而非運動終板本身。

46

Which of the following is most likely to cause a decrease in the stroke volume of the left ventricle?

A.an increase in end-diastolic volume
B.an increase in the activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart
C.an increase in mean arterial pressure✓ 官方正解
D.an increase in end-diastolic pressure
詳解

中風量(stroke volume)受前負荷(preload)、後負荷(afterload)與心肌收縮力影響。平均動脈壓(mean arterial pressure)上升代表後負荷增加,左心室需克服更大阻力才能射出血液,導致每搏輸出量減少。選項(A)和(D)增加前負荷、(B)增加心肌收縮力,皆會使中風量增加。

47

Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that

A.lymphatic capillaries are not connected to any other vessels.
B.lymphatic capillaries have a lower permeability to water.
C.lymphatic capillaries have a lower permeability to small solutes.
D.lymphatic capillaries are blind ended.✓ 官方正解
詳解

淋巴微血管是淋巴系統的起點,為盲端管狀結構,單向收集組織液。相對地,血液微血管是連接小動脈與小靜脈的連續管路,形成循環迴路。淋巴微血管的通透性高於血液微血管,因此(B)和(C)錯誤。淋巴微血管會匯集成更大的淋巴管,故(A)錯誤。

48

If arterial pressure is elevated, baroreceptor signals trigger which of the following responses?

A.an increase in epinephrine secretion
B.a rise in vasopressin secretion
C.a fall in plasma angiotensin II levels✓ 官方正解
D.increased activity in sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves
詳解

血壓升高會活化壓力感受器,進而抑制交感神經活性並活化副交感神經。交感神經活性下降會減少腎素(renin)分泌,導致血管張力素II (angiotensin II) 濃度下降,以降低血壓。其他選項皆為升壓反應,與題意相反。

49

In respiring tissues, a rise in blood Pco2 causes all of the following except

A.a rise in the concentration of carbaminohemoglobin.
B.an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.✓ 官方正解
C.an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration.
D.a rise in bicarbonate concentration.
詳解

組織中 Pco2 上升會促使 CO2 與水反應生成碳酸,進而解離出 H+,導致 pH 下降。根據波耳效應 (Bohr effect),H+ 濃度上升會降低血紅素對氧的親和力,以利氧氣釋放至組織。因此,血紅素對氧的親和力應為下降而非上升。

50

Which of the following is not true about helper T cells?

A.They secrete antibodies.✓ 官方正解
B.When activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines.
C.They are subject to infection by HIV.
D.They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
詳解

輔助T細胞的功能是分泌細胞激素來活化B細胞與毒殺T細胞,但它們本身不分泌抗體。抗體是由B細胞分化成的漿細胞所分泌的。因此,選項(A)的敘述是錯誤的。

把這份練到真的有把握

看懂只是第一步。登入後用兩段式作答練這份考古題,系統默默記住你最常錯、最沒把握的地方, 在你快忘記前輕輕提醒你複習 —— 還有刷不完的擬真練習等你。